Matrix Metalloproteinases and Cardiac Remodelling in Smokers with Acute Coronary Syndrome.
A, A., N, S., FM, N., WMH, W.R., BB, C., SF, M., AA, H., WK, N., & A, U. (2026). Matrix Metalloproteinases and Cardiac Remodelling in Smokers with Acute Coronary Syndrome.. International journal of molecular sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27156970
A A, N S, FM N, WMH WR, BB C, SF M, et al. Matrix Metalloproteinases and Cardiac Remodelling in Smokers with Acute Coronary Syndrome.. International journal of molecular sciences. 2026; doi: 10.3390/ijms27156970
A A, N S, FM N, et al. Matrix Metalloproteinases and Cardiac Remodelling in Smokers with Acute Coronary Syndrome.[J]. International journal of molecular sciences. 2026. DOI: 10.3390/ijms27156970.
@article{a2026,
author = {Aminuddin A and Samah N and Nor FM and Wan Razali WMH and Cong BB and Mohamad SF and Hamid AA and Norhisham WK and Ugusman A},
title = {Matrix Metalloproteinases and Cardiac Remodelling in Smokers with Acute Coronary Syndrome.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
year = {2026},
doi = {10.3390/ijms27156970},
note = {PMID: 42589624},
}
TY - JOUR AU - Aminuddin A AU - Samah N AU - Nor FM AU - Wan Razali WMH AU - Cong BB AU - Mohamad SF AU - Hamid AA AU - Norhisham WK AU - Ugusman A TI - Matrix Metalloproteinases and Cardiac Remodelling in Smokers with Acute Coronary Syndrome. T2 - International journal of molecular sciences PY - 2026 DO - 10.3390/ijms27156970 AN - PMID:42589624 ER -
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) regulate extracellular matrix remodeling and contribute to the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD). This study examined the associations between MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-3 and coronary atherosclerotic burden and cardiac function among smokers and non-smokers across the CAD spectrum. A total of 180 male participants were enrolled and divided into six groups (n = 30 per group): acute coronary syndrome (ACS) smokers, ACS non-smokers, chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) smokers, CCS non-smokers, control smokers, and control non-smokers. Serum MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-3 levels were measured using ELISA. Coronary artery plaque severity was assessed using the Gensini score, while cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography. MMP-9 and TIMP-3 levels were significantly higher in CCS patients than in controls, regardless of smoking status. MMP-9 showed significant positive correlations with the Gensini score in smokers (r = 0.556, p < 0.001) and non-smokers (r = 0.596, p < 0.001) and remained independently associated with coronary plaque severity in both groups. TIMP-3 was independently associated with the Gensini score only in non-smokers (B = 0.667, p = 0.031). Higher MMP-9 levels were independently associated with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction and adverse diastolic parameters. Overall, MMP-9 was independently associated with coronary atherosclerotic burden and cardiac dysfunction, supporting its potential as a biomarker of CAD severity. ACS, rather than smoking status, appeared to have a greater influence on cardiac dysfunction.