Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Clinical Controversies of Sodium-Induced Hypertension: A Multi-Systemic Perspective.
HR, Y., MK, S., S, H., JS, R., SS, K., & I, K. (2026). Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Clinical Controversies of Sodium-Induced Hypertension: A Multi-Systemic Perspective.. Nutrients. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18121945
HR Y, MK S, S H, JS R, SS K, I K. Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Clinical Controversies of Sodium-Induced Hypertension: A Multi-Systemic Perspective.. Nutrients. 2026; doi: 10.3390/nu18121945
HR Y, MK S, S H, et al. Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Clinical Controversies of Sodium-Induced Hypertension: A Multi-Systemic Perspective.[J]. Nutrients. 2026. DOI: 10.3390/nu18121945.
@article{hr2026,
author = {Yun HR and Singh MK and Han S and Ranbhise JS and Kim SS and Kang I},
title = {Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Clinical Controversies of Sodium-Induced Hypertension: A Multi-Systemic Perspective.},
journal = {Nutrients},
year = {2026},
doi = {10.3390/nu18121945},
note = {PMID: 42356331},
}
TY - JOUR AU - Yun HR AU - Singh MK AU - Han S AU - Ranbhise JS AU - Kim SS AU - Kang I TI - Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Clinical Controversies of Sodium-Induced Hypertension: A Multi-Systemic Perspective. T2 - Nutrients PY - 2026 DO - 10.3390/nu18121945 AN - PMID:42356331 ER -
Hypertension remains the primary modifiable driver of global cardiovascular morbidity, yet the long-standing paradigm of universal sodium restriction is increasingly challenged by the intricate biological heterogeneity of salt sensitivity. This review elucidates the evolving pathophysiological landscape of sodium-induced hypertension, transcending the classical Guytonian pressure-natriuresis model to incorporate emerging evidence of endothelial glycocalyx degradation, non-osmotic interstitial sodium sequestration, and gut-immune axis dysregulation. Furthermore, we critically interrogate the epidemiological "salt controversy," examining how methodological artifacts-specifically the systematic biases inherent in spot urine sampling-may contribute to the observed J-shaped associations between sodium intake and clinical outcomes. By integrating the modulatory role of the dietary sodium-to-potassium ratio and the genetic/epigenetic determinants of individual salt-sensitive phenotypes, we propose a paradigmatic shift toward a precision nutrition approach.